Haplogroup I (mtDNA)

Haplogroup I
Possible time of origin 26,300 YBP
Possible place of origin West Asia
Ancestor Haplogroup N1e'I
Descendants I1, I2, I3, I4, I5
Defining mutations 10034 16129 16391[1]

In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Contents

Origin

Its ancestral haplogroup was N1.[2] Its closest relative is N1e.[2] Haplogroup I is believed to have arisen somewhere in Eurasia some 30,000 years before present, and been one of the first haplogroups to move into Europe.

Distribution

Haplogroup I is found at very low frequencies (generally < 3%) throughout Europe, Middle East and South Asia. It is nearly absent in parts of Europe (Iberia, South-West France, Ireland) and strongest in Iceland (> 5%), Scotland, Norway, southern Finland, Ukraine, Greece and western Anatolia. A February 2009 study found that Lemkos in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[3][4] Haplogroup I has also been observed at a frequency of 8.3% in Russians from Oryol Oblast.[5]

The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Medieval age. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As Hg I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish, British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events".[6]According to Melchior et al. (2008), "The observation of haplogroup I in the present study (<2% in modern Scandinavians) supports our previous findings of a pronounced frequency of this haplogroup in Viking and Iron Age Danes.". [7]

Outside of Europe, the highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (22%) and Rendille (15%) in northern Kenya,[8] Sindhis from Pakistan (8.7%), Kurds from western Iran and Turks from eastern and western Azerbaijan (both 5%), and Mazandarians from northern Iran (4.5%).[9]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

See also

Evolutionary tree of Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1-6
L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. http://volgagermanbrit.us/documents/Oven_Kayser__PhyloTree_mtDNA.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  2. ^ a b Ian Logan, mtDNA pages: Haplogroups N and I
  3. ^ 6/53 in Lemkos, . pp. 43–58. doi:10.1353/hub.0.0048. "Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region" 
  4. ^ 15/133 in Cvjetan, S; Tolk, HV; Lauc, LB; Colak, I; Dordević, D; Efremovska, L; Janićijević, B; Kvesić, A et al. (2004). "Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups in southeastern Europe--Croatians, Bosnians and Herzegovinians, Serbians, Macedonians and Macedonian Romani". Collegium antropologicum 28 (1): 193–8. PMID 15636075. 
  5. ^ Malyarchuk, BA; Derenko, MV (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Russians and Ukrainians: implication to the origin of the Eastern Slavs". Annals of human genetics 65 (Pt 1): 63–78. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510063.x. PMID 11415523. 
  6. ^ Hofreiter, Michael; Melchior, Linea; Lynnerup, Niels; Siegismund, Hans R.; Kivisild, Toomas; Dissing, Jørgen (2010). Hofreiter, Michael. ed. "Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations". PLoS ONE 5 (7): e11898. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011898. PMC 2912848. PMID 20689597. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2912848. "The overall occurrence of haplogroups did not deviate from extant Scandinavians, however, haplogroup I was significantly more frequent among the ancient Danes (average 13%) than among extant Danes and Scandinavians (~2.5%) as well as among other ancient population samples reported. Haplogroup I could therefore have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type “diluted” by later immigration events" 
  7. ^ Melchior et al. (2008), Evidence of authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age skeletons untouched by humans for 1,000 years, PLoS One. 2008 May 28;3(5):e2214.
  8. ^ Castrì, Loredana; Garagnani, P; Useli, A; Pettener, D; Luiselli, D (2008). "Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow insix ethnic groups from Eastern Africa". Journal of Anthropological Sciences 86: 189–192. PMID 19934476. 
  9. ^ Huff, JW (1972). "Restrictive employment agreements". Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia 61 (10): 363–4. PMID 5077202. 

External links